A typical boat from around 1450 was a wooden sailing vessel used for trade, fishing, exploration, or sometimes warfare. Common types included the cog in Northern Europe and the caravel along the Iberian coasts. These ships were around 20–30 meters long, with one to three masts.

The hull was built from strong oak planks, supported by a ribbed wooden frame. Most carried large square sails on the main mast, though caravels often had lateen (triangular) sails, allowing better maneuverability and sailing closer to the wind. The deck usually featured a forecastle (raised front section) and sterncastle (raised rear), providing space for crew operations, defense, and navigation.

Cargo ships had deep holds for storing goods, while military vessels began experimenting with cannons, although naval artillery was still limited. A typical crew ranged from 20 to 50 men, including sailors, a captain, and possibly soldiers.

These vessels were crucial for expanding trade routes across the North and Baltic Seas, the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic coasts. By the late 15th century, caravels became key to Portuguese and Spanish exploration, paving the way for the great voyages of discovery.